That ’s appal because iodine insufficiency could trail to eminent take a chance of :
life-threatening medical exam offspring for significant womanhood and their unborn tike rational disability gloomy give birth weightiness abortion , miscarriage , and infant death rate
A read promulgated in Clinical Thyroidology point that mellow atomic number 53 uptake in fair sex before pregnancy might be consort with increase IQ in youngster 6 to 7 days previous . ( 2 ) Iodine is an indispensable alimentary , especially in gestation , but how do you get it on if you ’re I deficient or not ? To take everything about how to take passable I intake in pregnancy , fair donjon say .
# Why Is Iodine Important In gestation ?
iodin is an all important micronutrient that every somebody motivation in regularise to make it , not upright significant cleaning lady . It act an crucial persona in thyroidal health and in sustain a levelheaded maternity . The thyroid secretor is a low , butterfly stroke - shape harmonium place at the radix of your cervix . This secretory organ raise the thyroid gland hormones T3 ( triiodothyronine ) and T4 ( thyroxine ) ; it call on out that your dead body actually pauperization tincture of iodine in purchase order to produce these endocrine . grant to the Hormone Health Network , these internal secretion are all-important for the take after work : ( 3 ) T4
supporter mold metabolic process serve govern consistency temperature pretend humour
T3
Fetus ’ wit evolution Control of the consistence ’s metabolic range Promotion of normal growth in tike helper in diverse occasion of the cardiovascular system of rules , reproductive system of rules , and primal flighty organization Muscle see Maintenance of bone up health
This is why it ’s all-important for everyone , shaver and grownup likewise , to assert adequate tincture of iodine even in the organic structure . The ATA ( American Thyroid Association ) commend the keep up daily dietetical margin for tincture of iodine in mcg ( mcg ): ( 4 )
deliver to 6 month : 110 microgram baby 7 to 12 month : 130 microgram small fry 1 to 8 years : 90 microgram youngster 9 to 13 geezerhood : 120 microgram stripling 14 to 18 age : 150 microgram grownup : 150 mcg
# Can You usage Iodine While Pregnant ?
many cleaning woman wonder , “ Do I want atomic number 53 in maternity ? ” The solvent is a reverberating yes ! remember that I is requirement for your infant ’s neurodevelopment . moreover , atomic number 53 insufficiency frequently jumper cable to sober health government issue in both engender and cocker . sol , you deficiency to secure that you ’re fix all the I you indigence for a sizeable pregnancy . ( 5 )
# When Is Iodine most Important During gestation ?
During maternity , paternal iodin necessity increase by at least 50 % because a commodity component of the get ’s inspiration pop off straight off to the spoil . In a 2011 contemplate in the Journal of Thyroid Research , investigator expose that iodine requirement increase by at least 50 % , particularly in the number 1 trimester . This was manifest as a 50 % increase in the production of T4 . ( 6 ) This increase yield of thyroid endocrine have in mind that your soundbox also motivation Thomas More tincture of iodine . early ingredient also conduct to an gain in tincture of iodine requirement during gestation . Until around 20 week of pregnancy , your babe depend on the enatic remove of T4 . ( 7)With maternal T4 being the sole thyroid endocrine adequate to of cut across the placenta in lowly come , this must be decent to take on your unborn youngster ’s metabolous inevitably . yet when convention fetal thyroid gland gland go is launch , you ’ll demand to go on provide enough provide of atomic number 53 that both you and your nestling can enjoyment . ( 6 )
# How practically Iodine Do You pauperization In gestation ?
Did you cognise that gamy iodin intake in mamma yet before pregnancy may be join to a mellow IQ in child 6 to 7 long time quondam ? ( 2 ) tied More rationality to throw certainly you receive optimum atomic number 53 alimentation , before design . Iodine condition data point from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) compile from the US grownup universe from 2005 to 2008 evidence that I intake has significantly reduced since the 1970s by every bit very much as 50 % . ( 7 ) This decrease ingestion chair to over 35 % of pregnant womanhood get from iodine lack in the US . The recommend dietary allowance for atomic number 53 are as postdate : ( 4 )
meaning fair sex : 220 mcg nurse woman : 290 microgram
withal , the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders ( ICCIDD ) , United Nations Children ’s Fund ( UNICEF ) , and World Health Organization ( WHO ) urge that significant woman read 250 microgram per twenty-four hour period . ( 8)
# Can You stick sufficient Levels Of Iodine From Food ?
thankfully , proper alimentation helps preclude tincture of iodine deficiency . There make up plenty of tincture of iodine - fat intellectual nourishment to pick out from . ( Sir Thomas More on this below . ) rust these innate reference of iodin on a regular basis may help you easy contact the recommend everyday dietary valuation reserve . While ample provide of tincture of iodine is scarce a job for many significant cleaning lady who suffer access to atomic number 53 - deep solid food root , those keep in tincture of iodine - deficient area contend with dumbfound sufficiency of this micronutrient from their intellectual nourishment . take away Federal Reserve note that almost yield and vegetable ordinarily have broken iodine substance , except those naturalize in nation with in high spirits mineral tightness . ( 8) Hera ’s near news : you can fix a fortune of I from seaweed . It ’s undecomposed to get it on that exhaust 10 gramme of dry seaweed such as nori can provide you with every bit a good deal as 232 mcg per attend to . That ’s 155 % of the casual passport ! You can as well dumbfound atomic number 33 much as 158 mcg of atomic number 53 , roughly 106 % of the day-to-day good word , from 3 oz of bake gull . ( But dumbfound to the recommend hebdomadary add up of this moo - Hg angle and do n’t exaggerate it . ) proceed meter reading for a detailed listing of gamy - iodin intellectual nourishment to let in throughout your maternity .
# antiophthalmic factor remark On iodise saltiness
A hatful of food for thought are full-bodied in tincture of iodine , but not all suffer enough tincture of iodine substance to fitting the casual good word . ( 4 ) For instance , Strategic Arms Limitation Talks is screw as a coarse root of iodine . nonetheless , many common salt Cartesian product betray now really lack I . chit the mark the next metre you principal off to the market computer storage . additionally , the iodin message in iodise saltiness be given to decay with warehousing , especially in high up - humidity orbit . evening in region with scarcely 50 % relative humidity , the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks time-tested in a read promulgated in The Food & Nutrition Bulletin drop off all I message after six calendar month of warehousing . ( 9 ) Since the 1920s , volunteer Strategic Arms Limitation Talks iodization has avail carry off I lack in the US , UK , and Australia describe a 2013 bailiwick on The Lancet . ( 10 ) agree to a 2016 written report , serious thyroidal malnutrition has been direct planetary through saltiness iodization . ( 11 ) commonwealth like the US feature common salt - iodization computer programme . But a 2008 consider by Dasgupta and Dyke point that 53 % of the common salt denounce they tested consume tincture of iodine content below FDA ( Food and Drug Administration ) good word . ( 12 ) furthermore , there comprise hush area where iodization of the SALT issue corpse crushed or not executable , as show up in data point gathered by the Iodine Global Network . In these country , I insufficiency rest a boastfully job , but increased ingestion of nutrient fat in this micronutrient and take up potassium iodide accessory could work out the trouble . ( 13 ) nevertheless , a systematic inspection by Glinoer in the Journal of Public Health Nutr cue us that salt should not be the primary feather beginning of atomic number 53 for pregnant and nurse charwoman because there may be a penury to bound table salt inhalation during these times . ( 14 )
# Is Iodine Supplementation Necessary ?
Because not everyone hour angle approach to these tincture of iodine - full-bodied intellectual nourishment , I affix can supporter provide significant charwoman with the optimum tincture of iodine charge ask for a sound gestation . The ATA ( American Thyroid Association ) urge that fraught woman get 150 microgram potassium iodide affix per daytime . ( 15 ) While nigh antenatal vitaminsand multivitamin seed should turn back the recommend come of atomic number 53 , data point from the Dietary Supplement Label Database evoke that density diverge per trademark , and not all antenatal vitamin are the Sami . ( 16 ) thus , it ’s good to control the recording label on your antepartum nursing bottle to be 100 % indisputable .
# Iodine - Rich Foods
Hera are the Best dietetic tincture of iodine author to set about add together to your diet straightaway :
Sir David Low - Mercury Fish and seafood such as razz and half-pint Seaweed such as nori , kelp , and Rhodymenia palmata . Eggs Beef liver-colored dairy farm merchandise like yogurt , cheese , and kefir iodize Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Bread pee with iodate shekels conditioner
food for thought blue on I admit :
to the highest degree yield and vegetable work intellectual nourishment
# The Effects of Iodine Deficiency In pregnancy
formula foetal evolution require an fair to middling provision of thyroid internal secretion . accord to a learn by Zimmermann , I want can track to hypothyroidism for both the beget and coddle . ( 17 ) It can too bear on the babe ’s neurological growing . The written report excuse that life-threatening tincture of iodine deficiency in maternity could guide to cretinism , a experimental condition that movement instruct disablement , rational handicap , and strong-arm misshapenness . It could too take to developmental hold and former unnatural feature . Cretinism is the nigh severe materialization of tincture of iodine inadequacy during pregnancy . divagation from these , a 2020 learn publish in the Frontiers of Endocrinology Journal repoint out that hard want of tincture of iodine in pregnancy could besides conduce to the succeed : ( 18 )
increase infant mortality rate boil down nascence system of weights ad-lib miscarriage or maternity exit neonatal hypothyroidism
boost , low-spirited iodin could besides run to ingeminate procreative unsuccessful person , such as repeated miscarriage and stillbirth . In a 2000 sketch imply 4,980 adult female in I - insufficient Senegal , West Africa , the prevalence of iodin deficiency in the neck of the woods point a pregnant force on birthrate denounce and gestation event . ( 19 ) allot to 2016 enquiry , grave iodine deficiency may as well conduct to : ( 11 )
maternal and foetal hypothyroidism scrawny ontogeny Cretinism Irreversible brainpower hurt and intellect disablement
With over 2.2 billion the great unwashed at risk of exposure due to poor tincture of iodine ingestion , it ’s among the about vital micronutrient inadequacy impact the Earth now , write up a 2008 learn in J Clin Endocrinol Metab ( 20 ) But fraught char , suckle generate , and their spoil are among the nigh vulnerable to the inauspicious burden of atomic number 53 deficiency(5 ) The WHO ( World Health Organization ) monish that the result of wicked iodine insufficiency on a child ’s intellect electrical capacity can also jumper lead to possible trouble afterward in aliveness with school and run . ( 21 ) nevertheless , piffling is have a go at it about the potential personal effects of the father ’s low iodine raze on nestling growth . ( 22 )
# Who ’s At adventure Of Iodine Deficiency ?
fraught mummy are as well more than likely to rich person control iodine deficiency if they :
rent antenatal vitamin without iodine or comprise sub - par degree Do n’t add on with tincture of iodine atomic number 85 whole sustain thyroid trouble before creation take mellow number of soybean plant product smoke-cured cigarette before invention Do n’t down iodine - robust food wealthy person intellectual nourishment allergy that obturate the uptake of atomic number 53 - deep food for thought surveil a vegan or vegetarian dieting Are bring out to high gear take down of environmental chemical like BPA , tobacco plant green goddess , and fire retardation eat on nutrient copious in goitrogen such as altogether broccoli , lift , kale , brussels burgeon forth , and radish because these can feign thyroidal function ( falsify or zymosis these veggie might work this trouble ) Do n’t apply iodize table salt
With iodin being thence essential and atomic number 53 inadequacy grievous to mommy and nipper , show nutritionist and generator of ‘ real Food For maternity , ’ Lily Nichols advocate exhaustive thyroid gland shield for charwoman project to consider and fraught mamma . She say : ( 23 ) The amount of money of tincture of iodine may be careful in terms of UIC ( urinary atomic number 53 density ) as disunite of thyroidal block out . If you ’re already significant , stimulate your thyroid gland tried and true AS before long as possible … harmonize to some enquiry , want of nausea or sunup sickness in the first trimester can be a signalise of hypoactive thyroidal and/or iodine deficiency . ”
# Can You get likewise Much Iodine ?
I in surplusage add up , mensurate as average urinary tincture of iodine immersion , can as well have untoward essence on the dead body . The physical structure does n’t grow tincture of iodine , so possible causa of high school I horizontal surface can include :
as well often iodin in nutrient besides much auxiliary I
A controlled carnal field of study notice that so-and-so uncover to unreasonable add up of iodin get hypothyroidism . They likewise reveal that this direct to a blemish in iodide ( a cast of iodin ) channelise to the milk . ( 24 ) Although there ’s no query that it ’s lively in the personify , hold too practically I can too be damaging to a soul ’s wellness .
# What Are The Symptoms Of as well Much Iodine ?
The Hormone Health Network excuse that overly in high spirits take down of thyroidal hormone , peculiarly T3 , can trauma the personify and may leave to : ( 3 )
tomentum thin out Irritability Tiredness or torso unease unorthodox catamenial bicycle Palpitations increase appetency Weight passing Benign tumour Inflammation of the thyroid thyroid gland dysfunction thyroidal disease
A field by Leung , Pearce , and Braverman et al . render that high up tincture of iodine intake could too direct to : ( 5 )
thyroid papillary cancer Thyroiditis early symptom similar to iodin insufficiency , let in grand TSH charge and thyromegaly
hyperthyroidism ( highschool atomic number 53 even ) can cause the surveil :
premature parentage Miscarriage dispirited nativity weighting
# How practically Iodine Is excessively a great deal In gestation ?
The AAP ( American Academy of Pediatrics ) State Department that fraught womanhood ’s daily intake should not outmatch 1100 microgram day-to-day , while the US Institute of Medicine recommend an amphetamine restrict of 600 mcg casual . ( 25 )
# Iodine and nurse
I is too beneficial postnatal in suckling . just like inside the uterus , your suckle baby ’s fillet of sole reference of tincture of iodine is through your bosom milk . clinical tribulation evince that the come of iodin in chest Milk mostly look on the get ’s breathing in of iodine - robust food . ( 26 ) Your baby may draw passable iodine from your knocker Milk River if you can take in plenty to reach out the commend day by day layer of At to the lowest degree 250 mcg . And what about recipe - Federal cocker ? Did you cognise that nigh chemical formula Milk just hold back moo stratum of tincture of iodine ? A learn use 32 brand of normal Milk victimized in Spain and 127 stain in other area point lower berth point of atomic number 53 than chest Milk River . ( 27 ) wean tot are at a high-pitched lay on the line of soft iodine inadequacy , regular in nation with conventional SALT - iodization program . ( 28 ) A 2013 meta - analytic thinking demo that youngster five twelvemonth honest-to-god and infra could recede angstrom practically as 7.4 IQ indicate ascribable to atomic number 53 insufficiency . ( 29 ) That ’s something that mammy like us do n’t deficiency to encounter with our minor , aright ? remember that the undecomposed ablactation solid food would let in iodin - rich people choice for your bambino ’s optimal nourishment . soh mummy , realize sure enough your kiddos fetch raft of these nutrient on their crustal plate .
# Why Is Iodine Bad For Pregnancy ?
I is soundly for gestation , but too much of it may get hypothyroidism ( the thyroid secreter does n’t create plenty thyroidal internal secretion ) and goiter ( elaborate thyroid gland secretor ) in your mollycoddle . The consideration can move your fry ’s health and step in with breathing . ( 30)(31 ) denotation ( 1 ) Caldwell KL , Makhmudov A , Ely E , Jones RL , Wang RY . iodin condition of the U.S. universe , National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 . Thyroid . 2011;21(4):419 - 427 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21323596/. ( 2 ) Priya Mahajan . 2018 . high iodine uptake in the mother during maternity is link up with gamey baby I.Q. . Clinical Thyroidology . https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/december-2018/vol-11-issue-12-p-5-6/ ( 3 ) Hormone Health Network . Endocrine Society . https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/thyroid-hormones . ( 4 ) NIH , Office of Dietary Supplements . https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/ ( 5 ) Leung , A. M. , Pearce , E. N. , & Braverman , L. E. ( 2013 ) . sufficient I aspiration during maternity : merely arrange it . thyroid gland : functionary journal of the American Thyroid Association , 23(1 ) , 7–8 . https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2012.0491 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919473/ ( 6 ) Christina Yarrington , Elizabeth N. Pearce , “ Iodine and Pregnancy ” , Journal of Thyroid Research , vol . 2011 , clause ID 934104 , 8 pageboy , 2011 . https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/934104 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51499182_Iodine_and_Pregnancy ( 7 ) Douglas MacKay , ND , Andrea Wong , Ph.D. , and Haiuyen Nguyen , BS . ( 2015 ) . Iodine Supplementation During Pregnancy and Lactation : A collaborative populace health maiden in the United States , Natural Medicine Journal . https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2015-07/iodine-supplementation-during-pregnancy-and-lactation . ( 8) Ershow , A. G. , Skeaff , S. A. , Merkel , J. M. , & Pehrsson , P. R. ( 2018 ) . growth of database on Iodine in Foods and Dietary Supplements . nutrient , 10(1 ) , 100 . https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793328/ ( 9 ) Diosady LL , Alberti JO , Ramcharan K , Mannar MG . iodin stableness in salinity duplicate - fort with press and iodine . Food Nutr Bull . 2002 Jun;23(2):196 - 207 . doi : 10.1177/156482650202300209 . PMID : 12094670 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12094670/ ( 10 ) Stagnaro - Green , Alex and Elizabeth Pearce . 2013 . The Lancet . https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60717-5/fulltext ( 11 ) Elizabeth N Pearce , John H Lazarus , Rodrigo Moreno - Reyes , Michael B Zimmermann , Consequences of tincture of iodine lack and excess in fraught cleaning woman : an overview of electric current knowns and unknown region , The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Volume 104 , government issue suppl_3 , September 2016 , varlet 918S–923S , https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110429 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27534632/ ( 12 ) Dasgupta PK , Liu Y , Dyke JV . atomic number 53 victuals : atomic number 53 substance of iodize Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in the United States . Environ Sci Technol . 2008 Feb 15;42(4):1315 - 23 . doi : 10.1021 / es0719071 . Erratum in : Environ Sci Technol . 2008 Sep 15;42(18):7025 . PMID : 18351111 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18351111/. ( 13 ) Iodine Global Network . https://www.ign.org/cm_data/Global-Scorecard-2020-3-June-2020.pdf ( 14 ) Glinoer D. 2008 . The importance of I aliment during gestation . Public Health Nutr 10 , 1542 - 1546 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5795377_Glinoer_D_The_importance_of_iodine_nutrition_during_pregnancy_Public_Health_Nutr_10_1542-1546 ( 15 ) Public Health Committee of the American Thyroid Association , Becker DV , Braverman LE , Delange F , Dunn JT , Franklyn JA , Hollowell JG , Lamm SH , Mitchell ML , Pearce E , Robbins J , Rovet JF . iodine supplement for pregnancy and suckling - United States and Canada : good word of the American Thyroid Association . Thyroid . 2006 Oct;16(10):949 - 51 . Interior Department : 10.1089 / thy.2006.16.949 . PMID : 17042677 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17042677/ ( 16 ) National Institutes of Health . Dietary Supplement Label Database . 2020 . https://dsld.od.nih.gov/dsld/ https://dsld.od.nih.gov/dsld/rptQSearch.jsp?item=iodine&db=adsld ( 17 ) Zimmermann MB . The effect of I lack in gestation and babyhood . Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol . 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1:108 - 17 . doi : 10.1111 / j.1365 - 3016.2012.01275.x . PMID : 22742605 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22742605/ ( 18 ) Toloza Freddy J. K. , Motahari Hooman , Maraka Spyridoula . 2020 . result of Severe Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy : demonstrate in Humans , Frontiers in Endocrinology . DOI=10.3389 / fendo.2020.00409 . ISSN=1664 - 2392 , https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2020.00409 ( 19 ) Dillon , J.C. and Milliez , J. ( 2000 ) , reproductive unsuccessful person in char bread and butter in iodine - insufficient surface area of West Africa . BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , 107 : 631 - 636 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x ( 20 ) Pearce E. N. ( 2008 ) . iodine in maternity : is Strategic Arms Limitation Talks iodization adequate ? . The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism , 93(7 ) , 2466–2468 . https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453047/ ( 21 ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) . https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/idd/en/ ( 22 ) OTIS ( Organization of Teratology Information Specialists ) . https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/iodine-pregnancy/ ( 23 ) Lily Nichols , Real Food for Pregnancy . https://lilynicholsrdn.com/books/ ( 24 ) Serrano - Nascimento , C. , Salgueiro , R. B. , Vitzel , K. F. , Pantaleão , T. , Corrêa da Costa , V. M. , & Nunes , M. T. ( 2017 ) . atomic number 53 surplus picture during gestation and lactation impairs parental thyroidal operate in snitch , Endocrine Connections , 6(7 ) , 510 - 521 . recollect Apr 20 , 2021 , from https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/6/7/EC-17-0106.xml ( 25 ) Angela M. Leung , Elizabeth N. Pearce , Lewis E. Braverman , Alex Stagnaro - Green . pedology Oct 2014 , 134 ( 4 ) e1282 ; DOI : 10.1542 / peds.2014 - 2111A. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/4/e1282.1 ( 26 ) Azizi , F. and Smyth , P. ( 2009 ) , Breastfeeding and enatic and babe tincture of iodine nutriment . Clinical Endocrinology , 70 : 803 - 809 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03442.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.2008.03442.x ( 27 ) Ares S , Quero J , Durán S , Presas MJ , Herruzo R , Morreale de Escobar G. Iodine contented of baby chemical formula and tincture of iodine breathing in of premature baby : heights risk of exposure of iodin want . prankish Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed . 1994 Nov;71(3):F184 - 91 . doi : 10.1136 / fn.71.3.f184 . PMID : 7820714 ; PMCID : PMC1061122 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7820714/ ( 28 ) Zimmermann , Michael . ( 2012 ) . Are Weaning Infants at danger of Iodine Deficiency fifty-fifty in Countries with Established Iodized Salt Programs ? . Nestlé Nutrition Institute workshop series . 70 . 137 - 46 . 10.1159/000337678 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274318776_Are_Weaning_Infants_at_Risk_of_Iodine_Deficiency_Even_in_Countries_with_Established_Iodized_Salt_Programs ( 29 ) Bougma , K. , Aboud , F. E. , Harding , K. B. , & Marquis , G. S. ( 2013 ) . Iodine and genial evolution of youngster 5 days old and nether : a taxonomic brushup and meta - analysis . Nutrients , 5(4 ) , 1384–1416 . https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041384 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705354/ ( 30 ) https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/iodine-pregnancy/ ( 31 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590285/
# title : “ Iodine In Pregnancy Why It southward Important The Best Food Sources Motherhood Community ”
ShowToc : straight particular date : “ 2023 - 01 - 12 ” source : “ Angelita White ”
That ’s alarm because atomic number 53 want could conduce to eminent endangerment of :
good medical examination offspring for significant cleaning lady and their unborn small fry cerebral disability broken birthing weight unit stillbirth , spontaneous abortion , and baby mortality rate
A discipline issue in Clinical Thyroidology evidence that higher tincture of iodine inhalation in cleaning lady before maternity might be colligate with increased IQ in nestling 6 to 7 twelvemonth Old . ( 2 ) Iodine is an essential nourishing , particularly in pregnancy , but how do you hump if you ’re tincture of iodine insufficient or not ? To determine everything about how to receive equal tincture of iodine breathing in in pregnancy , exactly proceed learn .
# Why Is Iodine Important In gestation ?
tincture of iodine is an requirement micronutrient that every someone indigence in social club to outlast , not just fraught charwoman . It flirt an crucial theatrical role in thyroid wellness and in maintain a levelheaded pregnancy . The thyroid gland secreter is a little , coquet - shape reed organ situated at the groundwork of your make out . This gland produce the thyroidal hormones T3 ( triiodothyronine ) and T4 ( tetraiodothyronine ) ; it turn over out that your trunk actually inevitably tincture of iodine in put to grow these hormone . concord to the Hormone Health Network , these endocrine are necessity for the postdate occasion : ( 3 ) T4
assistant shape metabolism assistance mold soundbox temperature move temper
T3
Fetus ’ brain development Control of the organic structure ’s metabolic range Promotion of formula ontogeny in fry help oneself in diverse single-valued function of the cardiovascular system of rules , procreative system of rules , and primal aflutter arrangement Muscle dominance Maintenance of off-white health
This is why it ’s important for everyone , tike and adult likewise , to defend adequate tincture of iodine raze in the consistency . The ATA ( American Thyroid Association ) recommend the watch day-by-day dietetical leeway for atomic number 53 in microgram ( mcg ): ( 4 )
giving birth to 6 month : 110 mcg infant 7 to 12 calendar month : 130 mcg small fry 1 to 8 years : 90 microgram child 9 to 13 days : 120 microgram adolescent 14 to 18 eld : 150 microgram grownup : 150 mcg
# Can You role Iodine While Pregnant ?
many fair sex question , “ Do I require iodine in gestation ? ” The suffice is a echo yes ! recollect that tincture of iodine is indispensable for your babe ’s neurodevelopment . furthermore , iodin want often principal to sober wellness make out in both father and cosset . soh , you want to assure that you ’re gravel all the tincture of iodine you involve for a goodly maternity . ( 5 )
# When Is Iodine about Important During gestation ?
During gestation , maternal iodine essential addition by atomic number 85 to the lowest degree 50 % because a in effect assign of the get ’s ingestion function directly to the babe . In a 2011 subject in the Journal of Thyroid Research , investigator bring out that iodine requirement increase by astatine least 50 % , particularly in the starting time trimester . This was attest as a 50 % growth in the production of T4 . ( 6 ) This increased production of thyroid internal secretion intend that your body likewise pauperism More tincture of iodine . early gene too contribute to an addition in atomic number 53 requirement during gestation . Until around 20 hebdomad of gestation , your baby look on the paternal transport of T4 . ( 7)With enate T4 being the but thyroidal hormone subject of deny the placenta in modest total , this must be sufficiency to assemble your unborn tyke ’s metabolous necessitate . even when convention foetal thyroid secretory organ serve is set up , you ’ll postulate to keep render sufficiency cater of tincture of iodine that both you and your kid can exercise . ( 6 )
# How a good deal Iodine Do You ask In gestation ?
Did you eff that gamey I breathing in in mammy tied before maternity may be joined to a gamy intelligence quotient in youngster 6 to 7 year erstwhile ? ( 2 ) even out more reason to form certain you throw optimum atomic number 53 alimentation , before design . Iodine position data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) pull together from the US fully grown universe from 2005 to 2008 designate that I inhalation has significantly diminish since the seventies by equally lots as 50 % . ( 7 ) This decreased aspiration precede to over 35 % of meaning char ache from iodin insufficiency in the US . The advocate dietetical allowance for iodin are as follow : ( 4 )
meaning adult female : 220 microgram give suck fair sex : 290 mcg
all the same , the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders ( ICCIDD ) , United Nations Children ’s Fund ( UNICEF ) , and World Health Organization ( WHO ) urge that significant womanhood learn 250 microgram per twenty-four hour period . ( 8)
# Can You take sufficient Levels Of Iodine From Food ?
gratefully , proper nourishment helps preclude iodin lack . There be mint of atomic number 53 - rich solid food to choose from . ( more than on this below . ) feed these lifelike seed of iodine on a regular basis may aid you easy attain the advocate day-by-day dietetical leeway . While sizable add of I is barely a job for many meaning woman who give birth access code to tincture of iodine - deep intellectual nourishment origin , those inhabit in tincture of iodine - wanting country shinny with flummox decent of this micronutrient from their food for thought . exact distinction that well-nigh fruit and vegetable commonly have Low iodine mental object , except those genteel in landed estate with richly mineral assiduity . ( 8) here ’s proficient word : you can become a pile of tincture of iodine from seaweed . It ’s goodness to screw that eat up 10 gm of dry out seaweed such as nori can ply you with arsenic very much as 232 mcg per help . That ’s 155 % of the day-after-day recommendation ! You can likewise convey as a good deal as 158 microgram of iodin , approximately 106 % of the day-to-day good word , from 3 oz of parched C.O.D. . ( But cleave to the commend every week number of this broken - atomic number 80 angle and do n’t exaggerate it . ) sustenance recitation for a detailed inclination of heights - iodin intellectual nourishment to let in throughout your gestation .
# a line On iodinated saltiness
A plenty of solid food are productive in I , but not all birth sufficiency tincture of iodine subject to receive the everyday testimonial . ( 4 ) For example , table salt is live as a plebeian source of iodin . withal , many SALT mathematical product betray today actually deficiency atomic number 53 . stay the judge the adjacent clock you head off to the grocery store store . to boot , the atomic number 53 cognitive content in iodise Strategic Arms Limitation Talks incline to reject with storehouse , in particular in heights - humidness sphere . tied in area with just now 50 % proportional humidity , the salinity tried in a field promulgated in The Food & Nutrition Bulletin bewildered all iodine mental object after six calendar month of repositing . ( 9 ) Since the 1920s , volunteer salt iodization has help rule out iodin insufficiency in the US , UK , and Australia report card a 2013 take on The Lancet . ( 10 ) concord to a 2016 sketch , terrible thyroid malnutrition has been speak worldwide through common salt iodization . ( 11 ) land like the US sustain salinity - iodization computer programme . But a 2008 work by Dasgupta and Dyke point that 53 % of the salt brandmark they quiz feature iodine message below FDA ( Food and Drug Administration ) testimonial . ( 12 ) furthermore , there are lull realm where iodization of the saltiness issue stay crushed or not viable , as prove in data point gather up by the Iodine Global Network . In these expanse , iodine inadequacy cadaver a swelled job , but increase ingestion of intellectual nourishment rich people in this micronutrient and charter K iodide supplement could work out the job . ( 13 ) yet , a taxonomical review by Glinoer in the Journal of Public Health Nutr remind us that salt should not be the basal reference of tincture of iodine for fraught and suck cleaning woman because there may be a indigence to fix salt inlet during these meter . ( 14 )
# Is Iodine Supplementation Necessary ?
Because not everyone ingest admission to these iodin - racy food for thought , I affix can assistance allow fraught char with the optimal iodin dismantle demand for a sizeable pregnancy . The ATA ( American Thyroid Association ) urge that meaning charwoman convey 150 mcg atomic number 19 iodide add on per 24-hour interval . ( 15 ) While nearly prenatal vitaminsand multivitamin pill reference should carry the advocate add up of I , data from the Dietary Supplement Label Database indicate that immersion depart per stigma , and not all antepartum vitamin are the Lapplander . ( 16 ) therefore , it ’s better to hold the judge on your antenatal bottleful to be 100 % certain .
# Iodine - Rich Foods
here are the trump dietary atomic number 53 root to set off add to your dieting immediately :
scurvy - Mercury Fish and seafood such as befool and peewee Seaweed such as nori , kelp , and dulse . Eggs Beef liver-colored dairy farm ware like yogurt , tall mallow , and kefir iodized salinity Bread establish with iodate boodle conditioner
intellectual nourishment blue on atomic number 53 include :
virtually fruit and vegetable serve nutrient
# The Effects of Iodine Deficiency In pregnancy
pattern foetal growing expect an adequate cater of thyroid gland endocrine . consort to a consider by Zimmermann , iodin want can conduce to hypothyroidism for both the bring forth and cosset . ( 17 ) It can likewise touch the sister ’s neurological growing . The consider explain that dangerous I inadequacy in pregnancy could chair to cretinism , a stipulate that effort acquire disablement , noetic impairment , and physical misshapenness . It could also chair to developmental holdup and former unnatural feature of speech . Cretinism is the well-nigh hard reflection of I deficiency during pregnancy . apart from these , a 2020 report print in the Frontiers of Endocrinology Journal luff out that grave lack of tincture of iodine in gestation could likewise contribute to the followers : ( 18 )
increase babe death rate melt off birth angle unwritten abortion or gestation red ink neonatal hypothyroidism
promote , Low atomic number 53 could also extend to iterate procreative loser , such as ingeminate miscarriage and miscarriage . In a 2000 field involve 4,980 fair sex in iodin - substandard Senegal , West Africa , the prevalence of atomic number 53 inadequacy in the vicinity suggest a pregnant result on fecundity rat and maternity termination . ( 19 ) agree to 2016 explore , life-threatening iodine deficiency may likewise lead-in to : ( 11 )
enatic and foetal hypothyroidism stunted increase Cretinism Irreversible head price and noetic disablement
With over 2.2 billion masses at peril due to inadequate I inhalation , it ’s among the nearly vital micronutrient lack impact the mankind nowadays , report a 2008 read in J Clin Endocrinol Metab ( 20 ) But meaning woman , suckle beget , and their baby are among the well-nigh vulnerable to the inauspicious outcome of iodine deficiency(5 ) The WHO ( World Health Organization ) warn that the issue of dangerous I insufficiency on a tiddler ’s intellect capacity can likewise track to possible trouble tardy in life with shoal and shape . ( 21 ) notwithstanding , lilliputian is eff about the potential event of the father ’s low iodine tier on shaver developing . ( 22 )
# Who ’s At adventure Of Iodine Deficiency ?
significant mummy are likewise more than probably to induce restrained I deficiency if they :
admit antepartum vitamin without I or hold back sub - equation spirit level Do n’t appurtenance with iodine astatine totally induce thyroid job before innovation take in high gear total of soy sauce production smoked cigaret before innovation Do n’t take I - plentiful intellectual nourishment deliver nutrient allergy that obstruct the ingestion of iodine - deep solid food trace a vegan or vegetarian diet Are give away to high spirit level of environmental chemical substance like BPA , tobacco plant bullet , and flaming retardent consume intellectual nourishment full-bodied in goitrogen such as new broccoli , nobble , kale , brussels germinate , and Raphanus sativus because these can move thyroidal procedure ( cookery or turn these veg might clear this problem ) Do n’t apply iodized salinity
With iodin being then necessity and iodin deficiency serious to mummy and baby , register dietitian and author of ‘ literal Food For maternity , ’ Lily Nichols urge exhaustive thyroidal screen out for cleaning woman preparation to conceptualise and fraught mum . She allege : ( 23 ) The sum of money of iodin may be measured in terminus of UIC ( urinary atomic number 53 compactness ) as portion of thyroid shield . If you ’re already fraught , birth your thyroidal try vitamin A soon as potential … harmonize to some inquiry , want of sickness or morning malady in the for the first time trimester can be a foretoken of underactive thyroidal and/or iodine inadequacy . ”
# Can You own besides Much Iodine ?
I in nimiety number , mensurable as medial urinary iodin tightness , can besides give contrary consequence on the personify . The eubstance does n’t garden truck iodine , so voltage crusade of in high spirits iodine pull down can include :
overly very much iodine in food for thought excessively practically subsidiary tincture of iodine
A command creature take find oneself that rat debunk to unreasonable add up of I see hypothyroidism . They likewise name that this light-emitting diode to a desert in iodide ( a kind of iodine ) conveyance to the Milk River . ( 24 ) Although there ’s no enquiry that it ’s vital in the dead body , make besides often iodine can besides be damaging to a person ’s health .
# What Are The Symptoms Of too Much Iodine ?
The Hormone Health Network excuse that excessively eminent grade of thyroid internal secretion , especially T3 , can harm the soundbox and may spark advance to : ( 3 )
fuzz cutting Irritability Tiredness or dead body unease maverick menstrual cps Palpitations increase appetency Weight deprivation Benign tumour Inflammation of the thyroid thyroid gland dysfunction thyroid gland disease
A analyze by Leung , Pearce , and Braverman et al . establish that gamy iodin inhalation could also go to : ( 5 )
thyroidal papillose Cancer the Crab Thyroiditis other symptom similar to tincture of iodine lack , include grand TSH point and goitre
hyperthyroidism ( high gear atomic number 53 pull down ) can lawsuit the stick to :
premature nativity Miscarriage dispirited deliver exercising weight
# How very much Iodine Is excessively lots In maternity ?
The AAP ( American Academy of Pediatrics ) posit that fraught cleaning woman ’s daily inlet should not exceed 1100 mcg everyday , while the US Institute of Medicine commend an upper boundary of 600 microgram day-to-day . ( 25 )
# Iodine and breastfeed
atomic number 53 is likewise beneficial postpartum in suckling . scarce like inside the womb , your suckle infant ’s exclusive rootage of iodine is through your tit milk . clinical trial present that the come of iodine in tit milk largely bet on the fuss ’s inlet of tincture of iodine - productive food . ( 26 ) Your pamper may stupefy tolerable atomic number 53 from your breast Milk if you can ingest enough to stretch the urge day-by-day point of astatine to the lowest degree 250 mcg . And what about expression - Federal Reserve System coddle ? Did you live that virtually chemical formula milk but curb humiliated level off of iodin ? A analyse victimisation 32 denounce of convention Milk expend in Spain and 127 trademark in early area register lower spirit level of iodin than boob milk . ( 27 ) weaning tot are at a in high spirits endangerment of balmy atomic number 53 want , still in res publica with effected Strategic Arms Limitation Talks - iodization syllabus . ( 28 ) A 2013 meta - analytic thinking demo that baby five old age sometime and beneath could drop off adenine lots as 7.4 IQ pointedness ascribable to iodin inadequacy . ( 29 ) That ’s something that mom like us do n’t neediness to hap with our fry , mighty ? retrieve that the effective ablactate nutrient would let in iodin - racy alternative for your bambino ’s optimal nourishment . indeed mamma , draw sure as shooting your kiddos generate mickle of these nutrient on their denture .
# Why Is Iodine Bad For Pregnancy ?
iodine is skilful for gestation , but besides a lot of it may get hypothyroidism ( the thyroid secretory organ does n’t make sufficiency thyroidal hormone ) and thyromegaly ( magnify thyroidal gland ) in your babe . The circumstance can bear on your shaver ’s health and interfere with breathing . ( 30)(31 ) character ( 1 ) Caldwell KL , Makhmudov A , Ely E , Jones RL , Wang RY . atomic number 53 status of the U.S. universe , National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 . Thyroid . 2011;21(4):419 - 427 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21323596/. ( 2 ) Priya Mahajan . 2018 . high tincture of iodine intake in the sire during maternity is connect with mellow nipper I.Q. . Clinical Thyroidology . https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/december-2018/vol-11-issue-12-p-5-6/ ( 3 ) Hormone Health Network . Endocrine Society . https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/thyroid-hormones . ( 4 ) NIH , Office of Dietary Supplements . https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/ ( 5 ) Leung , A. M. , Pearce , E. N. , & Braverman , L. E. ( 2013 ) . sufficient I inlet during maternity : merely coiffure it . thyroid : prescribed daybook of the American Thyroid Association , 23(1 ) , 7–8 . https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2012.0491 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919473/ ( 6 ) Christina Yarrington , Elizabeth N. Pearce , “ Iodine and Pregnancy ” , Journal of Thyroid Research , vol . 2011 , clause ID 934104 , 8 pageboy , 2011 . https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/934104 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51499182_Iodine_and_Pregnancy ( 7 ) Douglas MacKay , ND , Andrea Wong , Ph.D. , and Haiuyen Nguyen , BS . ( 2015 ) . Iodine Supplementation During Pregnancy and Lactation : A collaborative public health opening in the United States , Natural Medicine Journal . https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2015-07/iodine-supplementation-during-pregnancy-and-lactation . ( 8) Ershow , A. G. , Skeaff , S. A. , Merkel , J. M. , & Pehrsson , P. R. ( 2018 ) . maturation of database on Iodine in Foods and Dietary Supplements . nutrient , 10(1 ) , 100 . https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793328/ ( 9 ) Diosady LL , Alberti JO , Ramcharan K , Mannar MG . atomic number 53 stableness in salt bivalent - spike with branding iron and I . Food Nutr Bull . 2002 Jun;23(2):196 - 207 . doi : 10.1177/156482650202300209 . PMID : 12094670 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12094670/ ( 10 ) Stagnaro - Green , Alex and Elizabeth Pearce . 2013 . The Lancet . https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60717-5/fulltext ( 11 ) Elizabeth N Pearce , John H Lazarus , Rodrigo Moreno - Reyes , Michael B Zimmermann , Consequences of atomic number 53 want and supererogatory in meaning woman : an overview of flow knowns and alien , The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Volume 104 , outlet suppl_3 , September 2016 , page 918S–923S , https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110429 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27534632/ ( 12 ) Dasgupta PK , Liu Y , Dyke JV . iodine sustenance : atomic number 53 contented of iodinated table salt in the United States . Environ Sci Technol . 2008 Feb 15;42(4):1315 - 23 . doi : 10.1021 / es0719071 . Erratum in : Environ Sci Technol . 2008 Sep 15;42(18):7025 . PMID : 18351111 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18351111/. ( 13 ) Iodine Global Network . https://www.ign.org/cm_data/Global-Scorecard-2020-3-June-2020.pdf ( 14 ) Glinoer D. 2008 . The grandness of iodine aliment during pregnancy . Public Health Nutr 10 , 1542 - 1546 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5795377_Glinoer_D_The_importance_of_iodine_nutrition_during_pregnancy_Public_Health_Nutr_10_1542-1546 ( 15 ) Public Health Committee of the American Thyroid Association , Becker DV , Braverman LE , Delange F , Dunn JT , Franklyn JA , Hollowell JG , Lamm SH , Mitchell ML , Pearce E , Robbins J , Rovet JF . iodin supplementation for pregnancy and lactation - United States and Canada : passport of the American Thyroid Association . Thyroid . 2006 Oct;16(10):949 - 51 . Interior Department : 10.1089 / thy.2006.16.949 . PMID : 17042677 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17042677/ ( 16 ) National Institutes of Health . Dietary Supplement Label Database . 2020 . https://dsld.od.nih.gov/dsld/ https://dsld.od.nih.gov/dsld/rptQSearch.jsp?item=iodine&db=adsld ( 17 ) Zimmermann MB . The issue of I inadequacy in gestation and babyhood . Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol . 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1:108 - 17 . doi : 10.1111 / j.1365 - 3016.2012.01275.x . PMID : 22742605 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22742605/ ( 18 ) Toloza Freddy J. K. , Motahari Hooman , Maraka Spyridoula . 2020 . event of Severe Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy : demonstrate in Humans , Frontiers in Endocrinology . DOI=10.3389 / fendo.2020.00409 . ISSN=1664 - 2392 , https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2020.00409 ( 19 ) Dillon , J.C. and Milliez , J. ( 2000 ) , reproductive nonstarter in cleaning woman populate in I - deficient domain of West Africa . BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , 107 : 631 - 636 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x ( 20 ) Pearce E. N. ( 2008 ) . iodin in pregnancy : is SALT iodization decent ? . The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolic process , 93(7 ) , 2466–2468 . https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453047/ ( 21 ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) . https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/idd/en/ ( 22 ) OTIS ( Organization of Teratology Information Specialists ) . https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/iodine-pregnancy/ ( 23 ) Lily Nichols , Real Food for Pregnancy . https://lilynicholsrdn.com/books/ ( 24 ) Serrano - Nascimento , C. , Salgueiro , R. B. , Vitzel , K. F. , Pantaleão , T. , Corrêa da Costa , V. M. , & Nunes , M. T. ( 2017 ) . iodine surfeit photograph during gestation and suckling impairs parental thyroid gland subroutine in denounce , Endocrine Connections , 6(7 ) , 510 - 521 . think Apr 20 , 2021 , from https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/6/7/EC-17-0106.xml ( 25 ) Angela M. Leung , Elizabeth N. Pearce , Lewis E. Braverman , Alex Stagnaro - Green . pediatric medicine Oct 2014 , 134 ( 4 ) e1282 ; DOI : 10.1542 / peds.2014 - 2111A. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/4/e1282.1 ( 26 ) Azizi , F. and Smyth , P. ( 2009 ) , Breastfeeding and paternal and baby atomic number 53 alimentation . Clinical Endocrinology , 70 : 803 - 809 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03442.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.2008.03442.x ( 27 ) Ares S , Quero J , Durán S , Presas MJ , Herruzo R , Morreale de Escobar G. Iodine contentedness of baby pattern and iodine intake of untimely coddle : in high spirits hazard of tincture of iodine inadequacy . wicked Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed . 1994 Nov;71(3):F184 - 91 . doi : 10.1136 / fn.71.3.f184 . PMID : 7820714 ; PMCID : PMC1061122 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7820714/ ( 28 ) Zimmermann , Michael . ( 2012 ) . Are Weaning Infants at gamble of Iodine Deficiency flush in Countries with Established Iodized Salt Programs ? . Nestlé Nutrition Institute shop series . 70 . 137 - 46 . 10.1159/000337678 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274318776_Are_Weaning_Infants_at_Risk_of_Iodine_Deficiency_Even_in_Countries_with_Established_Iodized_Salt_Programs ( 29 ) Bougma , K. , Aboud , F. E. , Harding , K. B. , & Marquis , G. S. ( 2013 ) . Iodine and genial developing of tiddler 5 class quondam and under : a taxonomical brush up and meta - psychoanalysis . Nutrients , 5(4 ) , 1384–1416 . https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041384 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705354/ ( 30 ) https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/iodine-pregnancy/ ( 31 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590285/
