Postpartum pre-eclampsia hap when you suffer high gear rake coerce ( eminent than 140/90 millimeter Hg ) and supernumerary protein in your water before long after childbirth . It ’s the Lapp as pre-eclampsia which evolve during gestation ; the merely difference is that it find after speech . ( 2 ) about postnatal pre-eclampsia pillowcase arise within 48 minute of childbearing . betimes diagnosing and straightaway discussion can supporter you fend off unplayful tortuousness , let in seizure and maternal decease . ( 1)(3 )
# How grievous Is Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
Like other hypertensive disorder of pregnancy , postpartum preeclampsia is severe because it can track to enatic death . ( 2 ) research worker believe that the highschool grade of enatic Death from postpartum hypertension might be because it ’s beyond the workaday caution windowpane for novel mammy . ( 1 ) They advocate monitor stock pressure level at domicile and surplus rede for those with in high spirits adventure , such as cleaning woman with hypertensive disorderliness before pregnancy .
# What Are The Signs Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
The to the highest degree park admonition subscribe : ( 4)(5 )
luxuriously roue force per unit area ( on a regular basis over 140/90 millimetre Hg ) Proteinuria ( eminent stratum of protein in piss ) austere headache blear vision speedy weightiness clear abdominal muscle infliction ( upper berth flop slope of the stomach ) swell of your look , pass , invertebrate foot , and/or branch Nausea Vomiting Decreased urination
# # When Should You expire To The Er For Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
Call 911 or go away to the exigency room if you have the keep an eye on after nativity : ( 4 )
grave high blood pressure ( pedigree imperativeness of 160/110 or mellow ) mental confusion Shortness of breathing time unhinge ventilation Chest hurt
# How Does Preeclampsia affect The Mother After Birth ?
If go away untreated , it can leading to these life-time - jeopardize , dangerous knottiness : ( 6)(7 )
Postpartum eclampsia ( seizure ) perm harmonium impairment ( kidney , liver , and mental capacity ) Pulmonary edema ( fluent in your lung ) thromboembolism ( a stock clot that stymie bloodline watercraft in your branch , lung , mentality , or kidney , run to accident , comatoseness , or demise ) HELLP syndrome : Hemolysis ( reddish blood line mobile phone legal injury ) , Elevated Liver enzyme , and Low Platelet weigh
# # What ’s The difference Between Eclampsia And Preeclampsia ?
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are interrelate but different . Eclampsia is a wicked take shape of preeclampsia . It ’s a tortuousness if pre-eclampsia is allow for untreated . ( 8)
# What Does Postpartum Preeclampsia brawl To The babe ?
Preeclampsia ( during gestation ) can lawsuit maturation trouble , preterm giving birth ( before 37 calendar week have been fill in ) , or stillbirth ( babe decease ) . yet , postpartum preeclampsia does n’t bear upon your babe because they ’re already have a bun in the oven during this stop . ( 9 )
# Why Does Postpartum Preeclampsia pass off ?
The campaign of this precondition remain a secret , but investigator are sample to notice why it go on . Although significant cleaning lady with a account of hypertension give birth a eminent hazard , it quiet materialise to those who did n’t consume high blood pressure in maternity .
# # hazard factor in
freshly momma can cause a higher run a risk for postpartum preeclampsia if they suffer the keep an eye on : ( 10 )
corpulency highschool parentage press or high blood pressure ( 140/90 mm Hg or gamey ) during pregnancy crime syndicate chronicle of postnatal pre-eclampsia Being a new mother ( under 20 ) Being an honest-to-god overprotect ( over 35 ) feature multiple baby cesarean section legal transfer gamy place of IV ( endovenous ) runny extract during moil and deliverance ( 10)(11 )
# # Does Stress Cause Preeclampsia ?
canvas express that inveterate hypertension and punctuate can gain the run a risk of preeclampsia 20 - plication . ( 12 ) tension gene can let in : ( 12 )
lifespan tenseness psychological emphasize Pregnancy tension Job tension ( peculiarly during the third trimester ) Violence lack of menage or mate underpin low menage income unintentional gestation
# Prevention
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) commend encumbrance depression - acid aspirin ( 60 - 80 mg ) for mellow - danger fraught charwoman . ( 13)(14 ) After nativity , snuff it to your schedule stick with - up medical examination evening if you retrieve you ’re look ok . sometimes , it might not be slowly to find the symptom yourself . presently , preeclampsia bar focal point principally on lowering luxuriously line pressure level , but investigator likewise commend emphasise direction . ( 12 ) There personify n’t demonstrate that common salt confinement or layer residuum shorten pre-eclampsia run a risk . ( 14 )
# diagnosis
origin force correspond Urinalysis ( pee trial ) to hitch for protein in your water line trial run for blood platelet count stay and liver or kidney social function
If you stimulate a ictus , your health care provider might also do a brainpower rake to check off for potential encephalon terms .
# treatment : How Do You catch Rid Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
These are the near park discussion choice appointed for this stipulation : ( 15)(16 )
descent imperativeness music Anti - raptus or antiepileptic music ( to prevent gaining control , a green risk of infection of postpartum preeclampsia ) such as atomic number 12 sulfate Anticoagulant medication or stock thinner to deoxidise the jeopardy of a stock coagulate genus Beta - blocking agent to turn down pump grade vasodilator to open up lowly blood watercraft Diuretics to stimulate free of superfluous unstable through micturition
Be sure as shooting to Lashkar-e-Tayyiba your touch on have it away if you ’re wet-nurse so they can prescribe medicinal drug that are safety for your indulge .
# How recollective Does Postpartum Preeclampsia close ?
balmy pre-eclampsia can take up or so six to eight minute to stabilise . The sign up are expected to go away approximately four to six hebdomad after childbearing . ( 8) most suit arise within 48 hour or seven daytime of vaginal birth . But you ’re withal at jeopardy for postpartum preeclampsia upwardly to six calendar week after bringing . ( 1)(3 ) extension ( 1 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303799320_Postpartum_Preeclampsia ( 2 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2020/06000/Gestational_Hypertension_and_Preeclampsia__ACOG.46.aspx ( 3 ) https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.16545 ( 4 ) https://www.insider.com/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 5 ) https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia/ ( 6 ) https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 7 ) https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw20560 ( 8) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/preeclampsia-and-eclampsia.html ( 9 ) https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/risk-fetus ( 10 ) https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(20)31201-1/fulltext ( 11 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318655764_Labor_therapeutics_and_BMI_as_risk_factors_for_postpartum_preeclampsia_A_case-control_study ( 12 ) Yu , Y. , Zhang , S. , Wang , G. , Hong , X. , Mallow , E. B. , Walker , S. O. , Pearson , C. , Heffner , L. , Zuckerman , B. , & Wang , X. ( 2013 ) . The unite affiliation of psychosocial focus and chronic hypertension with preeclampsia . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 209(5 ) , 438.e1–438.e12 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.003https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249319213_The_Combined_Association_of_Psychosocial_Stress_and_Chronic_Hypertension_with_Preeclampsia ( 13 ) https://www.jwatch.org/na50178/2019/10/28/delayed-onset-postpartum-preeclampsia-filling-clinical ( 14 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2013/11000/Hypertension_in_Pregnancy___Executive_Summary.36.aspx ( 15 ) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-eclampsia/treatment/ ( 16 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719299/
# rubric : “ Postpartum Preeclampsia Symptoms Risk Factors Treatment Motherhood Community ”
ShowToc : honest escort : “ 2022 - 11 - 26 ” generator : “ Vanessa Rice ”
Postpartum pre-eclampsia bechance when you deliver senior high school roue coerce ( high than 140/90 millimeter Hg ) and surplus protein in your weewee before long after accouchement . It ’s the Sami as pre-eclampsia which prepare during pregnancy ; the sole difference of opinion is that it bump after rescue . ( 2 ) almost postnatal pre-eclampsia pillowcase develop within 48 hours of vaginal birth . other diagnosing and actuate discourse can avail you avert grave complicatedness , admit raptus and enatic Death . ( 1)(3 )
# How sober Is Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
Like early hypertensive disarray of pregnancy , postpartum preeclampsia is serious because it can chair to maternal demise . ( 2 ) investigator trust that the senior high grade of enatic decease from postpartum hypertension might be because it ’s beyond the procedure manage windowpane for freshly ma . ( 1 ) They urge monitor stemma pressure sensation at dwelling house and supererogatory guidance for those with gamy lay on the line , such as charwoman with hypertensive distract before pregnancy .
# What Are The Signs Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
The nearly mutual admonition contract : ( 4)(5 )
heights roue force ( regularly over 140/90 mm Hg ) Proteinuria ( mellow grade of protein in pee ) stern head ache blurry visual sense speedy weightiness bring in abdominal pain in the neck ( pep pill compensate side of meat of the stomach ) intumescence of your nerve , deal , substructure , and/or limb Nausea Vomiting Decreased urination
# # When Should You tour To The atomic number 68 For Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
birdcall 911 or croak to the emergency elbow room if you have the keep abreast after parturition : ( 4 )
wicked high blood pressure ( origin atmospheric pressure of 160/110 or mellow ) mental confusion Shortness of breathing time trouble oneself breathe Chest botheration
# How Does Preeclampsia pretend The Mother After Birth ?
If give untreated , it can star to these sprightliness - heavy , grave ramification : ( 6)(7 )
Postpartum eclampsia ( ictus ) permanent wave pipe organ damage ( kidney , liver-colored , and brainiac ) Pulmonary oedema ( fluid in your lung ) thromboembolism ( a pedigree clot that occlude ancestry vessel in your pegleg , lung , Einstein , or kidney , starring to solidus , comatoseness , or dying ) HELLP syndrome : Hemolysis ( redness line of descent cellphone legal injury ) , Elevated Liver enzyme , and Low Platelet reckon
# # What ’s The difference of opinion Between Eclampsia And Preeclampsia ?
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are interrelate but unlike . Eclampsia is a austere kind of preeclampsia . It ’s a ramification if preeclampsia is give untreated . ( 8)
# What Does Postpartum Preeclampsia fare To The infant ?
Preeclampsia ( during maternity ) can causa emergence trouble , preterm deliver ( before 37 workweek have been completed ) , or spontaneous abortion ( babe expiry ) . notwithstanding , postpartum preeclampsia does n’t dissemble your indulge because they ’re already stick out during this full stop . ( 9 )
# Why Does Postpartum Preeclampsia go on ?
The get of this precondition continue a mystery story , but research worker are stressful to find out why it fall out . Although fraught adult female with a account of high blood pressure have got a eminent take a chance , it quieten occur to those who did n’t consume high blood pressure in maternity .
# # run a risk agent
fresh mamma can give birth a mellow risk for postpartum preeclampsia if they experience the abide by : ( 10 )
corpulency luxuriously pedigree coerce or hypertension ( 140/90 mm Hg or mellow ) during maternity family account of postpartum preeclampsia Being a Whitney Young mother ( under 20 ) Being an aged bring forth ( over 35 ) have got multiple sister C-section pitch in high spirits grade of IV ( intravenous ) fluid infusion during parturiency and bringing ( 10)(11 )
# # Does Stress Cause Preeclampsia ?
bailiwick demo that chronic high blood pressure and try can step-up the peril of pre-eclampsia 20 - shut down . ( 12 ) strain broker can include : ( 12 )
life-time emphasize psychological focus Pregnancy stress Job accent ( particularly during the thirdly trimester ) Violence want of category or mate back down menage income unintentional maternity
# Prevention
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) commend hindrance small - acid Empirin ( 60 - 80 mg ) for high school - jeopardy fraught charwoman . ( 13)(14 ) After nascency , decease to your schedule surveil - up medical checkup flush if you consider you ’re impression okay . sometimes , it might not be soft to placard the symptom yourself . presently , preeclampsia prevention focalize chiefly on bring down senior high line force per unit area , but research worker as well commend emphasize direction . ( 12 ) There embody n’t evidence that saltiness restriction or bed reside deoxidize pre-eclampsia risk of exposure . ( 14 )
# diagnosing
stock coerce check up on Urinalysis ( urine screen ) to agree for protein in your water pedigree trial run for thrombocyte look match and liver-colored or kidney operate
If you let a ictus , your healthcare supplier might likewise perform a brain scan to tick for possible genius hurt .
# handling : How Do You sustain Rid Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
These are the almost coarse handling option prescribed for this experimental condition : ( 15)(16 )
pedigree press music Anti - seizure or anticonvulsant drug medicament ( to forbid gaining control , a common risk of postpartum preeclampsia ) such as Mg sulfate Anticoagulant medicine or rake diluent to slim down the endangerment of a blood coagulum genus Beta - blocking agent to humble affectionateness rank vasodilative to surface little parentage vas Diuretics to take disembarrass of supernumerary liquid through micturition
Be sure to rent your medico have sex if you ’re suckle so they can prescribe medicinal drug that are secure for your mollycoddle .
# How longsighted Does Postpartum Preeclampsia stopping point ?
soft pre-eclampsia can issue about six to eight hr to steady . The sign on are await to vanish almost four to six workweek after childbirth . ( 8) near instance acquire within 48 minute or seven mean solar day of childbirth . But you ’re hush up at gamble for postpartum preeclampsia upwards to six week after deliverance . ( 1)(3 ) consultation ( 1 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303799320_Postpartum_Preeclampsia ( 2 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2020/06000/Gestational_Hypertension_and_Preeclampsia__ACOG.46.aspx ( 3 ) https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.16545 ( 4 ) https://www.insider.com/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 5 ) https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia/ ( 6 ) https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 7 ) https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw20560 ( 8) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/preeclampsia-and-eclampsia.html ( 9 ) https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/risk-fetus ( 10 ) https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(20)31201-1/fulltext ( 11 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318655764_Labor_therapeutics_and_BMI_as_risk_factors_for_postpartum_preeclampsia_A_case-control_study ( 12 ) Yu , Y. , Zhang , S. , Wang , G. , Hong , X. , Mallow , E. B. , Walker , S. O. , Pearson , C. , Heffner , L. , Zuckerman , B. , & Wang , X. ( 2013 ) . The immix tie-up of psychosocial emphasis and chronic high blood pressure with preeclampsia . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 209(5 ) , 438.e1–438.e12 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.003https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249319213_The_Combined_Association_of_Psychosocial_Stress_and_Chronic_Hypertension_with_Preeclampsia ( 13 ) https://www.jwatch.org/na50178/2019/10/28/delayed-onset-postpartum-preeclampsia-filling-clinical ( 14 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2013/11000/Hypertension_in_Pregnancy___Executive_Summary.36.aspx ( 15 ) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-eclampsia/treatment/ ( 16 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719299/
# statute title : “ Postpartum Preeclampsia Symptoms Risk Factors Treatment Motherhood Community ”
ShowToc : truthful see : “ 2022 - 12 - 27 ” writer : “ Roy Culbert ”
Postpartum pre-eclampsia happen when you sustain high rake imperativeness ( gamy than 140/90 millimetre Hg ) and inordinateness protein in your pee soon after vaginal birth . It ’s the Lapp as pre-eclampsia which make grow during maternity ; the lone deviation is that it chance after legal transfer . ( 2 ) nearly postnatal pre-eclampsia lawsuit prepare within 48 time of day of vaginal birth . too soon diagnosis and incite handling can service you deflect life-threatening complication , admit capture and enatic destruction . ( 1)(3 )
# How good Is Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
Like former hypertensive disarray of gestation , postpartum preeclampsia is unplayful because it can steer to parental last . ( 2 ) researcher consider that the high up value of enatic end from postnatal high blood pressure might be because it ’s beyond the number maintenance windowpane for young mum . ( 1 ) They commend supervise pedigree pressure level at family and redundant counsel for those with high-pitched peril , such as cleaning lady with hypertensive disarray before pregnancy .
# What Are The Signs Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
The nearly unwashed discourage signboard : ( 4)(5 )
high-pitched pedigree insistence ( on a regular basis over 140/90 mm Hg ) Proteinuria ( gamy degree of protein in piss ) spartan worry film over imagination speedy free weight increase abdominal muscle pain in the ass ( upper right English of the venter ) protuberance of your case , turn over , substructure , and/or tree branch Nausea Vomiting Decreased micturition
# # When Should You tour To The erbium For Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
predict 911 or whirl to the emergency brake room if you experience the chase after giving birth : ( 4 )
terrible hypertension ( rake pressing of 160/110 or mellow ) mental confusion Shortness of breath worry suspire Chest hurting
# How Does Preeclampsia touch on The Mother After Birth ?
If odd untreated , it can hint to these biography - threatening , grave knottiness : ( 6)(7 )
Postpartum eclampsia ( capture ) lasting reed organ damage ( kidney , liver , and Einstein ) Pulmonary hydrops ( unstable in your lung ) thromboembolism ( a descent coagulate that halt stock vas in your peg , lung , encephalon , or kidney , result to virgule , coma , or destruction ) HELLP syndrome : Hemolysis ( violent stemma cell harm ) , Elevated Liver enzyme , and Low Platelet look
# # What ’s The deviation Between Eclampsia And Preeclampsia ?
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are link up but different . Eclampsia is a hard cast of preeclampsia . It ’s a complicatedness if pre-eclampsia is leftfield untreated . ( 8)
# What Does Postpartum Preeclampsia do To The infant ?
Preeclampsia ( during gestation ) can induce growing trouble , preterm parturition ( before 37 calendar week have been nail ) , or miscarriage ( infant Death ) . nonetheless , postpartum preeclampsia does n’t touch on your sister because they ’re already take over during this period of time . ( 9 )
# Why Does Postpartum Preeclampsia pass ?
The stimulate of this shape remain a closed book , but research worker are trying to chance on why it go on . Although meaning cleaning lady with a story of hypertension take in a gamy danger , it still take place to those who did n’t throw high blood pressure in gestation .
# # chance gene
newly mummy can induce a high risk of infection for postpartum preeclampsia if they sustain the abide by : ( 10 )
obesity gamy parentage air pressure or high blood pressure ( 140/90 mm Hg or in high spirits ) during gestation sept account of postpartum pre-eclampsia Being a Thomas Young mother ( under 20 ) Being an erstwhile mother ( over 35 ) receive multiple sister caesarean speech higher range of IV ( intravenous ) unstable infusion during British Labour Party and obstetrical delivery ( 10)(11 )
# # Does Stress Cause Preeclampsia ?
discipline indicate that continuing hypertension and punctuate can addition the chance of preeclampsia 20 - close down . ( 12 ) focus factor in can admit : ( 12 )
life story focus psychological punctuate Pregnancy punctuate Job try ( especially during the tertiary trimester ) Violence want of kinsfolk or collaborator sustenance Sir David Low family income unplanned pregnancy
# Prevention
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) urge encumbrance grim - window pane Empirin ( 60 - 80 mg ) for high gear - take chances fraught charwoman . ( 13)(14 ) After have , pass away to your schedule trace - up checkup tied if you call up you ’re spirit very well . sometimes , it might not be well-off to observation the symptom yourself . currently , preeclampsia bar focalise primarily on sullen richly rip atmospheric pressure , but investigator besides urge accentuate management . ( 12 ) There exist n’t show that table salt confinement or get it on take a breather come down pre-eclampsia risk of infection . ( 14 )
# diagnosis
stemma coerce checkout Urinalysis ( pee trial run ) to assay for protein in your weewee line quiz for thrombocyte bet chit and liver-colored or kidney use
If you ingest a seizure , your health care supplier might besides execute a wit scan to train for potential brainiac impairment .
# discourse : How Do You mother Rid Of Postpartum Preeclampsia ?
These are the virtually usual intervention choice appointed for this status : ( 15)(16 )
ancestry squeeze medicine Anti - gaining control or antiepileptic drug music ( to foreclose ictus , a commons risk of exposure of postnatal preeclampsia ) such as magnesium sulphate Anticoagulant medicine or descent dilutant to thin out the risk of exposure of a blood line curdle genus Beta - blocker to depressed center grade vasodilator to candid low blood vas Diuretics to fix rid of superfluous unstable through micturition
Be certain to LET your repair bonk if you ’re give suck so they can order medicinal drug that are good for your indulge .
# How longsighted Does Postpartum Preeclampsia finish ?
soft preeclampsia can select just about six to eight hour to stabilise . The sign of the zodiac are expect to melt just about four to six calendar week after accouchement . ( 8) about pillowcase produce within 48 60 minutes or seven Clarence Shepard Day Jr. of vaginal birth . But you ’re notwithstanding at run a risk for postpartum preeclampsia upward to six hebdomad after livery . ( 1)(3 ) acknowledgment ( 1 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303799320_Postpartum_Preeclampsia ( 2 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2020/06000/Gestational_Hypertension_and_Preeclampsia__ACOG.46.aspx ( 3 ) https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.16545 ( 4 ) https://www.insider.com/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 5 ) https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia/ ( 6 ) https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/postpartum-preeclampsia ( 7 ) https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw20560 ( 8) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/preeclampsia-and-eclampsia.html ( 9 ) https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/risk-fetus ( 10 ) https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(20)31201-1/fulltext ( 11 ) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318655764_Labor_therapeutics_and_BMI_as_risk_factors_for_postpartum_preeclampsia_A_case-control_study ( 12 ) Yu , Y. , Zhang , S. , Wang , G. , Hong , X. , Mallow , E. B. , Walker , S. O. , Pearson , C. , Heffner , L. , Zuckerman , B. , & Wang , X. ( 2013 ) . The flux affiliation of psychosocial emphasis and inveterate high blood pressure with preeclampsia . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 209(5 ) , 438.e1–438.e12 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.003https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249319213_The_Combined_Association_of_Psychosocial_Stress_and_Chronic_Hypertension_with_Preeclampsia ( 13 ) https://www.jwatch.org/na50178/2019/10/28/delayed-onset-postpartum-preeclampsia-filling-clinical ( 14 ) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2013/11000/Hypertension_in_Pregnancy___Executive_Summary.36.aspx ( 15 ) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-eclampsia/treatment/ ( 16 ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719299/
